Study of Environmental Pollution and Air Quality due to Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) Emissions from Concepción Volcano during the 2024–2025 Period, Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Abstract

This research aimed to evaluate environmental pollution and air quality in the area of the Concepción Volcano, located on Ometepe Island, Nicaragua, during the 2024–2025 period. through the analysis of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) emissions. The study was conducted under a quantitative approach, using satellite data obtained from the Sentinel-5P sensor, which were processed on the Google Earth Engine platform and subsequently analysed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with ArcGIS Pro software (European Space Agency (ESA), 2023; Google Earth Engine, 2024). The methodology included the delimitation of the study area, the acquisition and processing of satellite imagery, the generation of raster products, and the development of thematic maps that allowed the representation of the spatial distribution of atmospheric pollutants. It is concluded that the integration of remote sensing and GIS techniques constitutes an effective tool for monitoring air quality in volcanic environments, providing valuable information for environmental management, public health, territorial planning, local housing development, agricultural planning, and risk assessment in nearby populated areas.