The Scientific Journal of Social Studies (RCES) of the Faculty of Legal Sciences, Humanities and International Relations of the American University, is a biannual publication, collects the results of the research work of national and foreign professors and jurists who are of interest to the academic community. The RCES is aimed at disseminating scientific information from research in the sciences of law, education and international relations.
University Social Responsibility as Ethical Management: The UAM Model under Vallaeys’ Theory
This article analyzes the management of University Social Responsibility (USR) at the American University of Nicaragua (UAM), contrasting its institutional praxis with the Four Impacts theoretical model proposed by François Vallaeys. A qualitative single-case study approach was employed, triangulating data from documentary analysis of governing regulations (Statutes and Policies), current ISO certifications, and the foresight of the 2025-2030 Institutional Strategic Development Plan (PDEI). It is demonstrated that UAM has transcended the traditional approach of solidarity extension to adopt an auditable Impact Management system. The simultaneous integration of ISO 9001, 14001, 50001, and 21001 standards, coupled with the projection of ISO 56001 (Innovation), evidences the materialization of USR into systemic processes. USR is not a philanthropic appendix, but a transversal management policy. The UAM case exemplifies how the convergence between national accreditation and international standardization acts as a dike against institutional cosmetics, allowing the transition from legal heteronomy to ethical autonomy.
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Outcomes and Conditions of Project-Based Learning in Higher Education: An International Systematic Review
This article presents a systematic review of scientific literature on Project-Based Learning (PBL) in higher education, aiming to analyze its outcomes, limitations, and implementation conditions in the international context during the period 2015–2025. The review followed search, selection, and analysis procedures inspired by PRISMA 2020. EBSCO, ERIC, DOAJ, Redalyc, and SciELO were consulted, with Google Scholar used as a complementary source. After record screening and the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 53 studies were selected. The methodological quality of empirical studies was assessed using the MMAT, while non-empirical documents were examined through an ad hoc documentary rigor matrix. Findings were organized into four analytical axes: student experience, teacher experience, methodologies, and institutional dimension. Results show that PBL tends to enhance academic performance, motivation, autonomy, collaboration, and the connection between theory and practice, although its effects are not uniform across contexts. Its effectiveness depends on the quality of teaching mediation, the methodological design of the project, and institutional support. The study concludes that PBL is not an automatic pedagogical solution, but rather a strategy whose transformative potential depends on specific pedagogical, curricular, and organizational conditions.
Breach of Obligations: Assumptions for Compensation and Heads of Recoverable Damages
This article critically analyzes the regime of breach of contract in Nicaraguan Civil Law, with an emphasis on the assumptions of compensation, the components of recoverable damages, and the liability of the debtor acting in good faith. Based on a study of the provisions of the Nicaraguan Civil Code, legal doctrine, and the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Justice, supplemented by comparative law references, the limitations of the system are examined, particularly in defining recoverable damages. It is argued that criteria such as foreseeability and the notion of necessary consequence generate interpretive uncertainty and can limit full compensation. This work seeks to highlight these situations and contribute to a more coherent and critical application of contractual civil liability.
Between Freedom of Enterprise and the Right to Work: Limits on the Post-Contractual Non-Compete Clause
This study analyzes the inclusion of post-employment non-compete clauses in employment contracts in Nicaragua. The absence of explicit regulation, systematic doctrinal development, and national jurisprudential criteria has led to their widespread use in contractual practice without a clear definition of their effects, creating risks of infringing upon fundamental rights, particularly the freedom of work and the free choice of profession or trade. From a dogmatic and comparative perspective, this study examines the tension between the protection of business interests—such as trade secrets and strategic information—and the constitutional freedoms of workers, identifying the proportionality criteria used in other legal systems to assess the validity of these clauses. The research, conducted using historical-logical, analytical-synthetic, and hypothetical-deductive methods, demonstrates that post-contractual non-compete agreements lack legal validity in the Nicaraguan context because they violate principles of labor law, highlighting the need to establish regulatory parameters that define their scope.
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Tactics for a culture of saving in the family
This scientific essay presents simple savings tactics to improve family finances, based on documented experience and everyday practices in Nicaraguan households. It begins with a key idea: saving isn't limited to those who have plenty, but rather stems from organizing expenses and managing money wisely. In many families, there's someone who manages to save a little and, therefore, often lends money when needed; not because they earn more, but because they've adopted consistent habits. It's also acknowledged that having clear goals helps sustain savings, although these are sometimes interrupted by urgent priorities or debt. Based on these experiences, practical recommendations are offered for organizing spending, avoiding unplanned purchases, and improving debt management, with the aim of strengthening a savings culture and moving toward greater personal and family stability.
Digital Sex Work and Dual Labour–Technological Vulnerability: Cybersecurity Risks and Regulatory Gaps in Colombia and Latin America
The expansion of platform-mediated work has reshaped contemporary forms of income generation, producing new labour configurations characterized by flexibility, technological dependence, and regulatory fragmentation. Digital sex work has emerged as a significant activity that combines the monetization of intimacy, socio-labour precarity, and exposure to technological risks, particularly in Latin American economies marked by high levels of structural informality and gender inequality. This study addresses the central problem of how risks related to labour security and cybersecurity are configured for digital sex workers in Colombia, considering the convergence of institutional under-protection, online violence, and regulatory gaps. The objective is to analyse these dynamics from a comparative socio-legal perspective in Latin America, identifying the transformations of platform-mediated sex work, the risks associated with cyber violence, and the limitations of existing regulatory frameworks. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative approach based on a critical narrative review that integrates contributions from labour law, gender studies, the sociology of digital work, and technology governance.The findings show that digitalization does not necessarily lead to formalization or improved working conditions. Instead, it reconfigures historical forms of vulnerability through algorithmic dependence, risk externalization, and the persistence of social stigma. The study concludes that effective protection of digital sex work requires comprehensive regulatory frameworks that integrate labour security, digital rights, and a gender perspective, as well as public policies aimed at technological literacy and institutional recognition of these labour trajectories.
Access to Justice for Indigenous Communities under the Inter-American Human Rights System
The objective of the article is to analyze Indigenous peoples’ access to justice within the framework of the Inter-American Human Rights System, in order to identify normative advances and persistent obstacles that define its effectiveness. The analytical-synthetic method and documentary review of international instruments and Inter-American jurisprudence were used to examine the evolution of protective standards from the perspective of legal pluralism and interculturality. The study argues that the IAHRS has contributed positively to making visible the collective dimension of access to justice and to consolidating criteria regarding prior consultation, collective property, and the recognition of Indigenous normative systems. Nevertheless, a gap is observed between formal recognition and effective implementation within States, evidenced by linguistic barriers, institutional weakness, and lack of coordination between jurisdictions. It is concluded that the main challenge lies in insufficient state will to materialize Inter-American standards; therefore, institutional reforms, intercultural training, and effective compliance mechanisms are required to ensure truly inclusive access to justice.
The Right to Health in Colombia: The Ethnic Differential Approach within the Framework of Current Reform Efforts
The document analyzes the structural and regulatory barriers that limit equitable access to health care in ethnic communities in Colombia. Faced with a health system marked by persistent inequalities, structural racism, and institutional failures, historically excluded groups encounter discriminatory care and a lack of cultural relevance. The research employed a qualitative hermeneutic design, with documentary analysis of laws, jurisprudence, and primary and secondary sources, and used an interpretive-deductive method to identify the tensions between regulation and social reality, emphasizing the importance of intercultural recognition and equity. The findings show structural deficiencies in the system, ongoing discriminatory practices, and the absence of effective implementation of ethnically differential treatment, which constitutes a systematic violation of the fundamental right to health. In response, the study calls for urgently articulating public policies with an intercultural perspective, strengthening health governance, and promoting community participation in decision-making. It concludes that the reforms have not achieved the expected equity and provides legal and bioethical foundations to guide differential public policies and intercultural health justice.
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The Paradox of Autonomy in the Gig Economy: Reflections from the Experience of a Delivery Worker in Nicaragua
The elements that allow for an assessment of the legal nature of the contractual relationship in the provision of services through digital platforms are examined, taking as a starting point the testimony of a delivery in Nicaragua. Based on this specific case, and in dialogue with specialized labor law doctrine, the traditional bases for labor classification—focused on dependence—are contrasted with the flexibility and autonomy that characterize the gig economy. The analysis reveals both signs of dependence and economic control, typical of employment, and elements of apparent autonomy promoted by digital platforms. It concludes that the platform economy poses complex legal and social challenges, where the proper classification of the employment relationship is essential to ensure a balance between innovation and worker protection.
Human Rights Education for Law Enforcement Personnel
Human rights education comprises a broad set of activities that contribute to the realization of human rights, not only favoring their protection and promotion, but also preventing potential violations thereof. Today, human rights education is constituted as an autonomous field that seeks the construction of a universal culture of human rights. Human rights education is especially important for the public forces, because as agents of the State, they are responsible for respecting and protecting the human rights of all citizens. However, the initiatives to implement this component are far from being sufficient.
Violence against women street vendors in Cuenca (Ecuador): a feminist-intersectional analysis
This article examines the daily lives of female street vendors in the Historic Center of Cuenca, focusing on the forms of institutional violence they experience in their work environment. The main goal was to identify how these practices contributed to the precariousness, marginalization, and violation of their rights, as well as the types of violence they were exposed to. The research was developed with a feminist and intersectional approach, using a qualitative design structured in four phases that combined data collection, comparative analysis, and critical interpretation. The results revealed multiple forms of violence against the vendors, ranging from harassment to confiscation of goods, along with their invisibility due to engaging in “street vending.” The study concluded that this research helped to understand the intersectionality of violence against women in public spaces, showing that these practices go beyond the private sphere and form a specific pattern of exclusion.
The right to the city and the citizen security crisis
The article describes and explores the confines of the right to the city as a human right; analyzes the serious citizen security crisis suffered by the Indo-American region; contrasts and examines both elements of analysis in order to propose an appropriate criminological approach to understand the security implosion of the city and the serious impact on security in urban space; and finally proposes a criminological policy appropriate to the present; with the objective of facilitating the understanding of the criminal phenomenon and contributing to the local government in the social control of the specific crime that occurs in its constituency.
Indicators for the Evaluation of Public Policies: The Case of Development
Public policies are an essential tool for social management and the political-institutional response to the problems faced by both citizens and states. Their evaluation is therefore indispensable, not only to determine their effectiveness, but also their relevance in relation to the objectives they aim to achieve. In this process, indicators become key instruments for assessing the degree of achievement of goals, but also as fundamental mechanisms for tracking and monitoring the impact of such policies. Thus, this article examines, from a critical perspective, the methodological complexity involved in the design of indicators, as well as the unavoidable need for them in the field of science. The main tensions that arise in their construction will be discussed, such as the difficulty of operationalizing abstract concepts, the limited availability of data, and/or the tendency to reduce complex phenomena to quantifiable dimensions. In order to illustrate these issues, the article addresses the case of social and economic development, a field historically dominated by economic perspectives, and then reviews the chronology that has been used in the analysis of these development processes. The article thus raises the need to rethink indicators so that they are capable of capturing the multidimensionality of phenomena and the need to move toward more comprehensive views that incorporate qualitative dimensions complementary to traditional approaches.
Analogies on the legal protection for singers and songwriters in Colombia, France, and the United States of America
This article analyzes from a legal perspective the laws that protect songwriters and singers on their intellectual property rights: specifically, the rights of authors and neighboring rights found in Colombian and French legislations, as civil law descendants, contrasting such findings with the the U. S. Legislation on Copyright, as a system that follows the common law tradition. Then, the text addresses copyright and fundamental rights of authors to the light of Colombian Constitutional Court’s decisions, and the European Union’s 2019/790 Directive on Copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market. Up next, the article warns about the limits to Copyright, concluding with how important collective management is to protect the interests of authors and performers. All previous points are analyzed from a comparative, qualitative, documental, legal research-based method, to identify prerogatives protecting copyright owners (such as artists, composers and authors), understanding copyright and neighboring rights as essential elements to protect authors and artists, and promoting culture, creativity and entertainment.
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Community communication strategies for environmental protection: an academic perspective
This scientific article studies the application of a community-based communication strategies model aimed at strengthening environmental protection in vulnerable communities in Nicaragua, with an emphasis on the articulation of local knowledge and academic approaches. The research was conducted using a qualitative and descriptive approach, using structured interviews with professors specializing in Development Communication at UNAN-Managua. The study identified the limitations of current communication strategies and proposed an adapted model that promotes active participation, horizontal dialogue, and community ownership of environmental actions. The Communication for Social Change (CSC) approach was adopted in the design of this model, which, according to Figueroa et al. (2002), favors the co-construction of solutions through inclusive communication processes. This approach is complemented by the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs), which act as facilitating tools for content dissemination and social mobilization. The findings show that the integration of traditional knowledge with academic theoretical frameworks strengthens community resilience and improves the effectiveness of environmental strategies, aligning with the principles of the National Climate Change Policy and the National Human Development Plan 2022–2026.
The Legal Framework of the Cross-Border Sports Cluster: An Analysis from the Perspective of European Union Law
Este estudio tiene por objeto el análisis y valoración crítica de la evolución normativa experimentada en las diferentes fórmulas jurídico-asociativas que pudieran posibilitar la práctica de cooperación privada y/o pública en el ámbito de la industria deportiva en el seno de la Unión Europea. Por lo que en primer lugar nos centraremos en al análisis de los diferentes instrumentos jurídico-asociativos europeos de la Unión Europea y/o estatales que cabrían implementar para revestir un potencial Clúster deportivo trans-fronterizo. En segundo lugar, se procederá como es lógico al análisis y al estudio del marco jurídico regulatorio aplicable a cuestiones esenciales como: la estructura aso-ciativa de los diferentes mecanismos jurídico-asociativos europeos de la Unión Euro-pea y estatales; y la delimitación y concreto análisis de los modelos de gobernanza a aplicar en las diferentes figuras jurídico-asociativas susceptibles de revestir el referido Clúster del Deporte transfronterizo. Para la primera de las cuestiones, es necesario un análisis sobre la evolución del marco jurídico aplicable a este grado de cooperación, y en particular, delimitar las figuras o instrumentos jurídicos que se pueden proveer des-de el Derecho privado, en algunos casos ya antiguos y ampliamente conocidos, y que presentan opciones realmente sugerentes para que entidades privadas, entidades públicas y Administraciones públicas trabajen conjuntamente en el impulso de la industria deportiva transfronteriza.
The purpose of this study is to analyze and critically assess the regulatory develop-ments in the various legal and associative formulas that could enable private and/or public cooperation in the sports industry within the European Union. Therefore, we will first focus on analyzing the different European Union and/or state legal-associative instruments that could be implemented to cover a potential cross-border sports cluster. Secondly, we will proceed, as is logical, to analyze and study the legal regulatory framework applicable to essential issues such as: the associative structure of the different European legal-associative mechanisms of the European Union and national governments; and the delimitation and specific analysis of the governance models to be applied in the different legal-associative figures that could form the aforementioned cross-border Sports Cluster. For the first of these issues, it is neces-sary to analyze the evolution of the legal framework applicable to this degree of coop-eration and, in particular, to define the legal entities or instruments that can be provid-ed by private law, some of which are already well-established and widely known, and which offer truly attractive options for private entities, public entities, and public ad-ministrations to work together in promoting the cross-border sports industry.
Psychosocial and educational challenges faced by adolescents and young people in transnational families: migration and parenting
This study assesses the psychosocial development of adolescents and young people living in transnational families in the municipalities of Estelí and Quilalí in Nicaragua. A qualitative cross-sectional approach was adopted, and a semi-structured interview and survey were administered to 24 participants. The testimonies and responses highlighted the centrality of communication in maintaining long-distance relationships, the reconfiguration of parental roles due to migration, and the presence of substitute caregivers. Emotional tensions associated with separation, expectations of reunification, and parenting practices mediated by remittances and ICTs were also identified. In the educational sphere, continuity and performance were conditioned by adult support and the household’s migration trajectory; frequent virtual contact, agreements on rules, and extended support networks stood out as coping strategies. It is concluded that migration transforms parenting and emotional bonds; strengthening long-distance parenting skills and school-based psychosocial support mechanisms can mitigate risks and enhance family resources.
Conocimiento, uso y percepción de la inteligencia artificial en estudiantes y docentes universitarios: confluencias y contrastes
La rápida expansión de las herramientas de inteligencia artificial generativa (IAG) plantea oportunidades y desafíos para las instituciones de educación superior, el profesorado y el estudiantado. Este estudio analiza los niveles de conocimiento, las percepciones y los patrones de uso de la IAG entre docentes y estudiantes universitarios de distintas áreas disciplinares. Con un diseño cuantitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, se recolectaron datos mediante encuestas aplicadas en el primer semestre de 2025 en una universidad privada. Los hallazgos evidencian una adopción generalizada de la IAG, siendo ChatGPT la herramienta más utilizada, principalmente con fines operativos. Se identificaron diferencias relevantes según la disciplina, así como un conocimiento limitado sobre su funcionamiento, restringiendo su aplicación. A pesar de una valoración positiva general, tanto docentes como estudiantes destacan la necesidad de desarrollar competencias para un uso efectivo de las herramientas de IAG y demandan políticas institucionales claras que promuevan su aprovechamiento responsable, ético y crítico.
The rapid expansion of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) tools presents both opportunities and challenges for higher education institutions, faculty, and students. This study examines the levels of knowledge, perceptions, and usage patterns of GAI among university professors and students from various academic disciplines. Using a quantitative, descriptive, and exploratory design, data were collected through surveys conducted during the first semester of 2025 at a private university. The findings reveal widespread adoption of GAI, with ChatGPT being the most commonly used tool, primarily for operational purposes. Significant differences were identified according to academic discipline, as well as a limited understanding of how these tools function, which restricts their application. Despite an overall positive evaluation, both faculty and students emphasize the need to develop competencies for the effective use of GAI tools and call for clear institutional policies that promote their responsible, ethical, and critical utilization.
Educommunication and Learning in the Digital Age: Transforming Virtual Education Environments
This paper explores the importance of communication in Virtual Learning Environments (VLE), where technologies, digital resources, and didactic methods are fundamental to facilitate learning. It highlights the relationship between human communication and education, underlining how virtual environments foster interaction and knowledge construction through interaction between participants, materials, and tutors. It focuses on audiovisual communication, which, by integrating images, text and audio, supports active and meaningful learning. Different approaches to online learning are presented, highlighting asynchronous and synchronous modalities, and how instructional design (such as the ADDIE model) enhances the effectiveness of communication in these environments. Communication is viewed as a complex, interdisciplinary process, and its relationship to the processes of understanding and learning, which are fundamental to knowledge construction, is explained. The concepts of interaction and interactivity in VLE are also examined, highlighting their importance in motivation and effective learning. Finally, Educommunication, which combines education and communication, is addressed, using digital technologies to create participatory and meaningful learning environments. The role of the online tutor is key to guide and support students, promoting effective communication and autonomous learning within these environments. The paper concludes with the importance of multimedia resources and interaction in VLEs, in addition to presenting the ADDIE model as an effective tool for instructional design and improving communication in virtual educational environments.
The path as facilitators of the Alternative to Violence Program of students deprived of liberty at CAI, Jorge Debravo
The Alternative to Violence Program (AVP) in Costa Rica has been implemented since the 1990s thanks to the Center for Peace Studies Foundation, with the purpose of promoting a more peaceful society. The AVP uses a participatory methodology focused on issues such as self-esteem, cooperation and conflict management, enabling people to transform their lives and their environment. An important milestone was the training of students deprived of their liberty to become AVP facilitators. Thanks to the collaboration with the UNED Student Ombudsman's Office, in December 2023, a group of inmates from the CAI Jorge Debravo were enrolled in the basic module of the program. Subsequently, in March 2024, they received training as facilitators, and in July 2024 they delivered their first training, marking a historic event. This article highlights the transformative capacity of the AVP, demonstrating that change is possible, even for those who have lived in contexts of violence.
Reflections on limitations to access to justice for maintenance creditors in Jalisco, Mexico
This mixed and descriptive study highlights the problems faced by creditors and representatives in the processing of maintenance proceedings, reflects the difficulties faced by the actors involved in the proceedings and their limited access to justice.
Climate change and its Influence on the right to water in Mexico
Climate change in Mexico significantly and multifacetedly affects the human right to water, altering its quality, availability, and distribution. Prolonged droughts, decreased precipitation, and reduced river and aquifer flows are increasingly frequent phenomena that compromise the availability of this vital resource. The growing vulnerability of water resources to extreme climate events, such as droughts and floods, not only directly impacts the quantity and quality of water but also puts the basic rights of entire communities at risk, intensifying inequality and water insecurity. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the effects of climate change on the availability and quality of water in Mexico, as well as to propose adaptation mechanisms to mitigate these adverse effects. The need for greater training and regulatory adaptation is highlighted to ensure the effectiveness of these measures. The methodology employed includes a detailed review of scientific and legal literature, a critical analysis of current public policies, and specific case studies in various regions of the country. Additionally, the implementation of green contracting is examined, an approach that incorporates environmental criteria into public procurement processes, promoting sustainable practices in the use of water resources. The results reveal that green contracting can be an effective mechanism to protect the right to water by fostering resilient and sustainable practices in the face of the challenges posed by climate change.
Power Politics in the Israeli-Palestinian War: A Classical Realist Approach in International Relations
Recognized as one of the most enduring conflicts of the 20th and 21st centuries, the Israeli-Palestinian case is deeply rooted in territorial and religious disputes, which intensified on the international stage following the Second World War. This article analyzes the conflict through the lens of classical realism, examining its historical evolution, power asymmetries within the international system, and the role of both internal and external actors. Through a theoretical and documentary approach, the study assesses the involvement of the United Kingdom, the United States, and the United Nations Security Council, and offers a forward-looking analysis of Palestine’s recognition as a state actor. It concludes that the realist school of International Relations has predominated in the conflict, emphasizing the primacy of the interests of both internal and external actors. Furthermore, the study applies Galtung’s (2016) typology of violence, distinguishing between direct, structural, and cultural forms of violence. The findings also reveal the inefficacy of the UN Security Council, shaped by its structure, historical foundations, and the use of veto power. Finally, the article identifies future prospects for the recognition of Palestine’s statehood and the role of the international community. The arguments presented support the assertion that such recognition is pivotal for advancing a sustainable and effective resolution to the conflict.
Challenges and Opportunities: An Analysis of the Implementation of Distance Legal Education in Peru
The impact of information and communication technologies in higher education is examined, highlighting their identification during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research focuses on the Universidad Continental de Perú, Huancayo campus, where several distance education modalities were adopted in the Law program. Using a mixed methodological approach, surveys were conducted with teachers and students, and an exhaustive bibliographic review was carried out. The main findings reveal a generalized acceptance of information and communication technologies, although challenges remain, such as the lack of understanding of pedagogical models and the need for continuous training for teachers. The conclusions highlight that, although distance education offers flexibility and accessibility, it requires a significant methodological change to be truly effective, and its integration must be complemented with face-to-face to maximize learning.
Continuous Training Strategy to improve office skills in Communication Teachers, UNAN-Managua
This scientific article presents the application of a teacher training strategy designed to improve the office skills of teachers in the Communication for Development program at the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Managua (UNAN-Managua). The study was carried out using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a mixed approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods to evaluate the impact of the intervention. Data were collected through structured surveys, direct observation, and performance analysis before and after training. The results showed significant improvements in the use of technological tools such as Office 365 and institutional platforms, optimizing the academic and administrative management of teachers. For the application of this training strategy, the Competency-Based Learning (CBL) model was used, which allowed participants to strengthen fundamental skills to perform their functions more efficiently in a digital environment. The quantitative data analysis reflected an increase in the mastery of digital tools, while the qualitative findings showed greater confidence and autonomy in the integration of technology into teaching practice. The training also contributed to improving institutional planning and the professional development of teachers, aligning with the National Education Strategy “Blessings and Victories” 2024-2026, promoted by the Government of Reconciliation and National Unity.
Information and Communication Technology
Towards The Revolutionary Rule Of Law In Nicaragua
This article, using a historical-dogmatic method, aims to present the evolution of the rule of law in Nicaragua. From its inception in the Federal Republic of Central America, the 1824 Constitution already incorporated fundamental principles such as the recognition of basic rights, the rule of law, the separation of powers, and the accountability of officials. These principles were also addressed in the 1826 Constitution, and beginning with the 1838 Constitution, the conception of the State as a political body organized into three branches of government and governed by the principle of administrative legality was consolidated. This evolution intensified with the 1893 Constitution, which introduced secularism and constitutional oversight mechanisms. The Sandinista Popular Revolution promoted the transformation toward a Social State of Law, integrating individual, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights and, above all, introducing participatory democracy. This process is reflected in the 1987 Constitution, with its respective reforms, which help shape the Revolutionary State of Law, characterized by the predominance of direct democracy, coordination between state bodies and the transformation of social rights to guarantee equality and combat poverty.
Understanding Multipolarity: Key Concepts in Russian and Chinese Thought (1997–2024)
In this part of the 21st century we are facing a historic change. The global hegemony of the United States is countered by the idea of multipolarity or a multipolar world order. Its main exponents are Russia and China, countries that have experienced a series of falls and rises in their recent history and are now proposing the lines of a new world order based on ideas and values opposed to those from the United States.
The truth and opinions of social media users about criminal cases in Argentina
From an analysis of three articles of great importance written by Friedrich Nietzsche, Michel Foucault and Rubén H. Pardo refers to each author's conception and evolution of the truth and how it is reached. The purpose of comparing these and integrating the thought of current society in general and which is the actual conception of truth that this one has in a context of social media feedback on cases related to criminal law and with great relevance to all Argentinian nation during the year 2023 in Facebook and Instagram. From this study, It will be proved that current society uses social punishment as a means to get to its truth regardless of criminal justice actions, being communication media and social media is are very relevant and influential factor in opinion formers. Likewise, the high level of aggressiveness towards users whose comments differ from a majority-accepted opinion will be denoted, giving rise to the production of a "binomial" made up of two opposite sets of opinions and their punishment towards those users who do not conform to the dominant position, showing impunity of expression behind a device or keyboard.
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The originality test in works created during the era of generative AI: the role of instructions (prompts) in copyright and the fate of the “old school” author
Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has important implications for copyright law. In particular, the question has arisen to what extent the use of prompts can give rise to protection for the output of AI tools. Taking the criteria for copyright protection in the European Union and the United States of America as starting points, this article analyzes decided cases in both jurisdictions, as well as a pilot case in China, and predicts that, in the near future, courts are likely to attribute copyright protection to natural persons in works created through the use of prompts, on a case-by-case basis. Generative AI makes it impossible to determine whether a work, on its face, is sufficiently human-authored to be protected by copyright. Given the risk of strategic behavior by private parties who do not disclose the use of AI or who rewrite prompts ex post, judges will necessarily have to move away from the implicit assumption that what appears creative, must have had a human author who made creative choices. It is likely that (alleged) authors will increasingly be required to prove that they made such choices. This, in turn, risks raising the burden of proof for old-school authors who do not use AI.
Autonomous learning in the face of the evolution of study modalities in higher education in Nicaragua
The evolution of autonomous learning due to the demands of new technologies and information in education. Exploring new trends in instructional design that encourage unlimited content and directions in learning, self-assessment and the use of cognitive activities that support a meaningful, collaborative, and experiential learning process. The essay also highlights the importance of autonomous and self-directed learning, which allows students to understand their cognitive and socio-affective processes. It discusses the importance of considering student learning styles, including visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and reading/writing when designing learning strategies. Finally, the essay emphasizes study modalities in higher education, including e-learning, m-learning, and b-learning, which combine elements of traditional and online learning methods. The essay concludes with the importance of teachers' and students' active and dynamic participation in using various technological tools that facilitate the learning process.