Impacto de la incertidumbre de la política económica de Estados Unidos sobre la actividad económica de Centroamérica: un enfoque VAR global bayesiano
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62407/maatfce56Palabras clave:
Centroamérica, Incertidumbre de la Política Económica, Efectos de Contagio Internacional, Modelo Global Bayesiano de Vectores AutorregresivosResumen
Este artículo estima la transmisión internacional de la incertidumbre de la política económica de Estados Unidos hacia la actividad económica de Centroamérica utilizando un marco de Vectores Autorregresivos Globales Bayesianos (Bayesian Global Vector Autoregressive, BGVAR). El modelo empírico abarca veintiuna economías y emplea una red de ponderaciones comerciales para construir agregados extranjeros débilmente exógenos. La estimación utiliza como especificación base un prior de Minnesota con volatilidad estocástica y, como prueba de robustez, un esquema de selección estocástica de variables (Stochastic Search Variable Selection, SSVS). La inferencia posterior se basa en un elevado número de simulaciones que satisfacen criterios de estabilidad, de modo que las funciones de impulso-respuesta generalizadas y las descomposiciones de la varianza del error de pronóstico se construyen a partir de trayectorias posteriores estables.
Los resultados muestran que un aumento de la incertidumbre de la política económica de Estados Unidos reduce la actividad industrial estadounidense y que esta contracción constituye el canal de transmisión más consistente hacia las economías centroamericanas. La magnitud y persistencia de los efectos de contagio (spillovers) varían entre países y entre especificaciones de prior, observándose que el esquema SSVS amplía la incertidumbre posterior en algunos casos. Entre las implicaciones de política pública destacan la necesidad de fortalecer los amortiguadores macrofiscales y macrofinancieros, así como promover la diversificación comercial para reducir la exposición a fuentes externas de incertidumbre. Desde una perspectiva metodológica, el estudio contribuye mediante la combinación de una implementación escalable del modelo BGVAR bayesiano con un tratamiento cuidadoso de los priors y de la volatilidad estocástica, permitiendo que la inferencia sobre la incertidumbre externa sea robusta frente a la alta dimensionalidad de los parámetros y a la presencia de volatilidad cambiante en el tiempo.
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